The Linux find command is a powerful tool for searching and locating files and directories on your filesystem. One of the features that make find particularly powerful is its ability to use wildcards, which allows you to create versatile search patterns. This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to use wildcards in the find command on an Ubuntu system.
Understanding Wildcards
Before diving into the specifics of the find command, let’s have a quick overview of wildcards often used in bash. Wildcards are symbols or set of symbols that represent other characters:
- * – Matches any number of characters, including none.
- ? – Matches any single character.
- [] – Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
Basic Usage of Wildcards in find
Let’s start by using wildcards to search for files by their names.
find /path/to/search -type f -name '*.txt'This command searches for all files with a .txt extension, starting at /path/to/search. Here, * stands for any sequence of characters.
Suppose you’re searching for all files with a single character extension:
find /path/to/search -type f -name '*.?'This command makes use of ? to represent any single character in the file extension.
Matching Specific Patterns
If you want to find files that match a specific pattern, square brackets come in handy:
find /path/to/search -type f -name 'data[0-9].txt'This command finds files such as data1.txt, data2.txt, up to data9.txt.
Using Wildcards to Match Directories
Wildcards can also be used to match directory names:
find /path/to/search -type d -name 'proj*'This command finds all directories starting with ‘proj’.
Case-Insensitive Searches
The find command can perform case-insensitive searches using wildcards with the -iname option:
find /path/to/search -type f -iname '*.JPG'This command finds all files with a .jpg extension, regardless of case.
Complex search patterns
You can define more complex search patterns using wildcards:
find /path/to/search -type f -name 'photo-????-*.jpg'This command finds file names like photo-2021-001.jpg or photo-2020-vacation.jpg, where ???? represents any four characters.
Excluding Specific Patterns
Sometimes you may want to exclude files or directories based on a pattern. While the find command doesn’t natively support an exclude option, we can achieve this by combining options:
find /path/to/search -type f ! -name '*.log'This command lists all files that do NOT have the .log extension.
Combining Multiple Wildcard Patterns
It’s possible to combine wildcards to search for multiple patterns at once. This is done using the -o (OR) operator:
find /path/to/search \\( -name '*.txt' -o -name '*.md' \\)This command finds all files with either a .txt or .md file extension.
Advanced: Wildcards with Exec
For advanced users, the find command can pair with -exec to perform actions on the found files. Here’s an example of how to use wildcards with -exec:
find /path/to/search -type f -name '*.bak' -exec rm {} \\;This command finds all files with a .bak extension and deletes them. The {} is replaced with the file name of each matched file.
Conclusion
Wildcards enhance the flexibility and functionality of the find command, allowing for a broad range of file searching capabilities on your Ubuntu system. Understanding and harnessing these patterns can greatly improve your file management and scripting tasks. With this knowledge, you’re now equipped to construct powerful file search commands tailored to your specific needs.
